What is NAD+?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is a vital coenzyme found in all living cells.
It plays a central role in energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and cellular repair.
NAD+ levels naturally decline with age, which has been associated with reduced energy, slower recovery, and age-related metabolic dysfunction.
Research into NAD+ supplementation and precursors explores its potential in supporting healthy aging, energy production, and neurological function.
NAD+ Structure
| Molecule Name | Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Oxidized NAD |
| Formula | C21H27N7O14P2 |
| Molecular Weight | 663.43 g/mol |
NAD+ Research
1. NAD+ and Cellular Energy
NAD+ is a cofactor in redox reactions, enabling the conversion of nutrients into ATP, the body’s primary energy source.
Higher NAD+ levels support mitochondrial efficiency and energy metabolism.
2. NAD+ and DNA Repair
Research highlights NAD+ as a critical substrate for sirtuins and PARPs, enzymes that regulate DNA repair,
gene expression, and cell survival. Adequate NAD+ levels support cellular defense against oxidative stress and DNA damage.
3. NAD+ and Neurological Health
Preclinical studies suggest NAD+ may protect neurons, support cognitive function, and mitigate age-related decline in brain performance.
It is being explored as a candidate in neurodegenerative disease research.
4. NAD+ and Healthy Aging
NAD+ decline with age is linked to fatigue, metabolic issues, and decreased cellular resilience.
Supplementation strategies aim to restore NAD+ levels to support vitality and longevity.
Future NAD+ Research
Future investigations may focus on NAD+’s applications in age-related diseases,
mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and neurological disorders.
Ongoing research is exploring NAD+ precursors such as NMN and NR, as well as direct NAD+ supplementation
to determine the most effective methods of restoring cellular NAD+ levels.
NAD+ Resources
- Verdin E. – “NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration.” Science, 2015.
- Yoshino J, et al. – Studies on NAD+ precursors and metabolic health. Cell Metabolism.
- Research on sirtuins and DNA repair pathways linked to NAD+ availability.

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